Cataracts are a condition where the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, impairing vision. This occurs when proteins in the lens clump together, blocking or scattering light. In joeys and kangaroos, cataracts can develop due to environmental factors, injuries, or underlying health conditions during their critical growth stages.

What Are Cataracts?

Cataracts are characterised by the clouding of the lens in the eye, which normally allows light to pass through to the retina for clear vision. When cataracts form, they obstruct or scatter light, leading to blurred or foggy vision. Over time, cataracts can worsen, significantly impairing vision and quality of life.

How Overheating Causes Cataracts

Overheating a pinkie or velvet joey can damage the proteins in their developing lenses, leading to cataract formation. Joeys are particularly vulnerable because their eyes are still maturing, and excessive heat can disrupt this delicate process. Maintaining stable and appropriate temperatures is crucial to prevent such damage.

The Role of Milk Formulas in Joey Health

Milk formulas play a vital role in the growth and development of orphaned joeys. However, there has been debate among wildlife carers about whether certain formulas, such as Wombaroo, Biolac, or Divetelac, contribute to conditions like cataracts. Here’s what we know:

Wombaroo: This formula is widely regarded as a high-quality option for marsupials. It is specifically designed to mimic the natural composition of marsupial milk at different stages of development. Wombaroo provides essential nutrients that support healthy growth, including eye development, and is often recommended for kangaroos and possums.
Biolac: Biolac is another reputable formula that offers different stages of milk to cater to the changing needs of growing joeys. While some carers have raised concerns about its suitability, there is no scientific evidence directly linking Biolac to cataracts. Proper preparation and feeding practices are key to ensuring its effectiveness.
Divetelac: Divetelac is a general-purpose milk formula that is sometimes used for marsupials. However, it is not as nutritionally tailored as Wombaroo or Biolac. Some carers believe that prolonged use of Divetelac may lead to nutritional deficiencies, which could indirectly affect eye health. Again, there is no conclusive evidence linking it to cataracts.

Other Causes of Cataracts in Joeys and Kangaroos

Injuries: Trauma to the eye, such as scratches, punctures, or blunt force, can damage the lens and lead to cataract formation. Injuries may also cause inflammation, which can further disrupt the lens's clarity.
Ulcers: Corneal ulcers, often caused by infections or injuries, can lead to secondary complications, including cataracts. If left untreated, these ulcers can cause significant damage to the eye, increasing the risk of cataract development.
Nutritional Deficiencies: Imbalances in essential nutrients, such as vitamins A and E, can impair eye health and contribute to cataract formation. Proper nutrition is vital for the development and maintenance of healthy eyes.
Genetic Predisposition: Some kangaroos and joeys may have a genetic predisposition to developing cataracts. While this is less common, it highlights the importance of monitoring eye health in wildlife populations.
Infections: Certain infections, particularly those affecting the eyes or surrounding tissues, can increase the risk of cataracts. Prompt treatment of infections is essential to prevent long-term complications.
UV Exposure: Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can damage the lens and accelerate cataract formation. This is particularly relevant for kangaroos and joeys living in areas with intense sunlight.
Detached Retina: A detached retina occurs when the retina separates from its normal position at the back of the eye. This serious condition often results from trauma, aging, or infections. Retinal detachment doesn’t directly cause cataracts, but:
- Surgery for Retinal Repair: Procedures to treat retinal detachment, such as vitrectomy or the use of intraocular gases, can expose the lens to conditions that accelerate cataract formation.
- Trauma and Inflammation: The same injuries or inflammatory responses that lead to retinal detachment can also damage the lens.
- Shared Risk Factors: Cataracts and retinal detachment often occur together due to overlapping causes, such as trauma or pre-existing conditions.

How Are Cataracts Diagnosed?

Diagnosing cataracts in joeys and kangaroos involves a combination of observation and veterinary expertise. Here’s how the process typically works:

Visual Examination:
- A cloudy or white appearance in the eye is often the first visible sign of cataracts. Carers may notice changes in the joey’s behavior, such as difficulty navigating or hesitancy in unfamiliar environments.
Ophthalmic Examination:
- A veterinary ophthalmologist uses specialized equipment, such as slit-lamp biomicroscopy, to examine the lens and assess the extent of cloudiness or opacity. This allows for a detailed evaluation of the eye’s internal structures.
Behavioral Assessment:
- Observing the joey’s ability to respond to visual cues can help determine the impact of cataracts on its vision. For example, a joey with advanced cataracts may struggle to locate food or avoid obstacles.
Differentiating Conditions:
- It’s important to distinguish cataracts from other causes of eye cloudiness, such as corneal edema, infections, or nuclear sclerosis. A thorough examination ensures an accurate diagnosis.
Advanced Imaging:
- In some cases, imaging techniques like ultrasound may be used to assess the eye’s condition, particularly if other complications, such as retinal detachment, are suspected.

Early diagnosis is crucial for determining the best course of action, whether it’s surgery, supportive care, or rehabilitation.

"This is Tarla, a remarkable survivor. Thanks to the generosity of supporters, we raised $3,000 for her successful eye surgery, performed by the incredible Dr. Rob Harris before his retirement. Tarla’s cataract was caused by an eye injury when she was flung from her mother’s pouch, landing on a gravel road. The injury led to a severe ulcer that healed with treatment, but a cataract formed months later. Today, Tarla is thriving back in the wild—a true testament to care, determination, and community support!"

"Meet Playton, an incredible survivor rescued from the Wanneroo fire ground. Found in her deceased mum’s pouch, Playton endured a harrowing experience with her head and paws slightly singed. Though mostly protected, she later developed cataracts due to her injuries.
MMAP stepped in to ensure Playton received the best care, arranging appointments with a veterinary ophthalmologist, surgery coordination, and post-operative care. Once transferred into MMAP’s care, Playton was deemed eligible for sight-restoring cataract surgery, thanks to her otherwise excellent health.
This surgery took place in March 2024 and was truly life-saving. In the wild, joeys with no vision face impossible odds and must be euthanised. Thanks to dedicated carers and community support, Playton’s surgery was a success! She has now recovered and is thriving, on track for release to live a free and wild life. Her resilience is a shining testament to the power of care, teamwork, and generosity."

Cataract Surgery: Procedure and Considerations

Cataract surgery involves removing the clouded lens and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL). During the procedure:

A small incision is made in the eye.
The clouded lens is removed, often using ultrasound energy to break it into small fragments.
An artificial lens is inserted to restore clear vision.

While cataract surgery is highly effective and can restore vision, it is not always practical for wildlife due to logistical and financial constraints. This makes prevention through proper care and nutrition critically important.

Behavioral Adaptations in Joeys with Limited Eyesight

Joeys and kangaroos with limited vision often rely on their other senses, such as hearing and smell, to navigate their environment. For instance:

They may become more sensitive to sounds, helping them detect potential predators or find food.
Their sense of smell can guide them to water or recognize familiar places.

Understanding these adaptations can help carers create environments and rehabilitation plans that cater to these sensory strengths.

Psychological Impact and Emotional Well-Being

Vision impairments can lead to stress, frustration, or anxiety in joeys. Carers can reduce these effects by:

Offering enrichment activities, and textured items.
Ensuring regular interaction to build trust and provide comfort.
Creating calming environments with minimal loud noises or sudden changes.

Ethical Considerations for Surgery and Rehabilitation

Quality of Life: Evaluate how surgery would impact the joey’s immediate and long-term quality of life. Would the joey thrive with its natural condition, or would intervention significantly improve its ability to live independently?
Feasibility and Risks: Consider the risks and potential complications of surgery. Ensure that the procedure is performed by wildlife veterinarians with expertise in kangaroo care.
Survivability in the Wild: After surgery or with limited eyesight, assess the joey’s ability to find food, avoid predators, and interact with its environment. Releasing a joey that cannot survive independently raises ethical concerns about its welfare.
Alternative Care Options: For joeys unable to be released, explore options for long-term care in sanctuaries or wildlife facilities where they can live safely and comfortably.
Natural Behavior: Evaluate whether interventions, such as supplementary feeding or monitoring post-release, would disrupt the joey’s ability to develop natural behaviors or create dependency on human care.
Resource Allocation: Consider the financial and resource implications of surgical intervention, ensuring that such efforts align with broader conservation priorities while prioritising the joey’s well-being.
Post-Release Welfare: Plan for comprehensive post-release monitoring to ensure that the joey is thriving. Ethical rehabilitation requires accountability for the animal’s well-being beyond initial intervention.

Preventing Cataracts in Joeys and Kangaroos

To minimise the risk of cataracts and ensure overall health:

Temperature Control: Keep joeys at stable, appropriate temperatures to avoid overheating.
Proper Nutrition: Use milk formulas specifically designed for marsupials, such as Wombaroo or Biolac, and follow feeding guidelines carefully.
Injury Prevention: Handle joeys gently and ensure their environment is free of hazards that could cause eye injuries.
Hydration: Ensure joeys are well-hydrated, as dehydration can compound health issues.
UV Protection: Limit exposure to direct sunlight, especially for young joeys with sensitive eyes.
Regular Monitoring: Observe joeys for any signs of eye cloudiness, injuries, or other health concerns and seek veterinary advice promptly.

"WARNING: This video contains graphic footage of a veterinary ophthalmologist performing cataract surgery on a joey. It showcases the incredible precision and care involved in restoring sight, but may not be suitable for the faint-hearted. Viewer discretion is strongly advised."

Understanding Cataracts in Joeys